Arylation of allyl alcohols

ABSTRACT

ALDEHYDES AND KETONES ARE PRODUCED BY REACTING AN ALLYL ALCOHOL WITH AN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND OF A GROUP VIII METAL AT A TEMPERATURE IN THE RANGE OF 0* TO ABOUT 200*C. A REPRESENTATIVE ORGANONMETALLIC COMPOUND IS THAT PREPARED BY REACTION BETWEEN PHENYLMERCURIC CHLORIDE AND PALLADIUM CHLORIDE. THE PROCESS IS ILLUSTRATED BY THE CONVERSION OF ALLYL ALCOHOL TO B-PHENYLPROPIONALDEHYDE.

United States Patent ()1 3,767,710 Patented Oct. 23, 1973 hcc ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Aldehydes and ketones are produced by reacting an allyl alcohol with an organometallic compound of a Group VIII metal at a temperature in the range of to about 200 C. A representative organometallic compound is that prepared by reaction between phenylmercuric chloride and palladium chloride. The process is illustrated by the conversion of allyl alcohol to p-phenylpropionaldehyde.

This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 659,899, filed Aug. 11, 1967, now abandoned and also of copending application Ser. No. 816,842, filed Apr. 16, 1969 now abandoned. The copending application Ser. No. 816,842 is, in turn, a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 479,605, filed Aug. 13, 1965, now abandoned.

This invention relates to the preparation of substituted ethylenically unsaturated organic compounds and tautomers thereof by reaction of certain ethylenic compounds with organometallic compounds.

In application Ser. No. 479,665, filed Aug. 13, 1965, now U .8. 3,527,794, there has been described and claimed the reaction of certain ethylenic compounds with organometallic compounds whereby the following overall reaction may be briefly expressed as follows:

where Q is an organic radical, and R is hydrogen or any of a variety of organic radicals, except those in which R is a CH OH group, or an esterified CH OH group, or an etherified CH OH group, or a CH -halogen group, and QM'X is an organometallic compound of a Group VIII metal, M, andan anion X.

In accordance with the present invention, it has now been found that a compound of the formula Q. R( IJCIE=(IJG R R R is produced by contacting and reacting a compound of the formula s ra R R R with an organometallic compound comprising an organo group, Q, and a metal of Group VIII at a temperature in the range of 0 to 200 C., in which formulas Q is an organo group; R is hydrogen or a monovalent carbon bonded organic radical, and specifically excluding halogen, OH, and etherified or esterified OH; R is hydrogen, an alkyl radical containing 1 to carbon atoms or, taken with one R on the carbon beta to the carbon to which R is attached, is trimethylene; Z is a monovalent radical, including among said radicals hydrogen, halogen, OH, and etherified or esterified OH, and Z is halogen, OH, or etherified or esterified OH when any R is hydrogen; and G is the same as Z, except in the case where Z is halogen, or etherified or esterified OH, in which case G is hydrogen.

The group designations refer to the Periodic Chart of the Elements such as is published by Fisher Scientific Company, and such as appears in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 33rd edition, pages 342-343 (1951).

The process of this invention is explained by the following reactions:

- In these reactions, the olefin A first adds the organometallic compound of the formula QM'X, in which Q is an organo group, M is a Group VIII metal and X is an anion. An elimination of the Group VIII metal as M'XZ or M'XH then takes place. When Z is a halogen, an ether group or carboxylic ester group, the Z is eliminated as in reaction (a), and when Z is not one of these groups, the Z group remains and a hydrogen is eliminated as M'XH as in reaction (b). For instance, when Z is a hydrogen, hydroxyl, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon group, this group appears in the product.

When the compound of the formula R-C=OCHZ has any R which is hydrogen, the Z substituent is limited to a halogen, OH, ether, or carboxylic ester group. The reaction which takes place includes an elimination from the group of a hydrogen or a halogen, ether, or carboxylic ester group so that in the resulting product,

Q -t-et RRR the G is hydrogen, or is OH when Z is OH.

When Z is a halogen, OH, an ether group or a carboxylic ester group, the linkage of Z to carbon is through a carbon to halogen or a carbon to oxygen bond. This is a heteropolar bond. When a group attached by such a heteropolar bond is present, it is susceptible to the elimination in accordance with this invention. However, the OH of an allyl alcohol,

R(IZ=(IJCIDHOH,

R R R does not appear to be susceptible to this elimination, since the product is a tautomer of a compound which could result from the allyl alcohol without elimination of the --OH group.

When the compound of the formula R R R has no R which is hydrogen, the 2- group may be any monovalent radical, including a halogen, --OH, ether or carboxylic ester group. When no R is hydrogen and the Z group is a halogen, ether, or carboxylic ester group, the reaction which takes place results in elimination from the -cuz group of the halogen, ether or carhoxylic ester group, and G is hydrogen in the product of the formula However, when no R is hydrogen and Z is any other monovalent radical than a halogen, ether or carboxylic ester group, the Z group remains in the product and G of the product formula is Z.

In the QM'X compound, the X substituent is an anion exemplified by Cl, Br, I, F, CN, N 1 R SO SO; HSO4 carboxylic acid anions, i.e. acylate containing 2 to carbon atoms such as acetate, 'benzoate and trifiuoroacetate, OI-I (OR O and BF While QMX is the structure of a compound wherein the metal has a valence of two, it is understood that QM'X will be the structure where M has a valence of three.

The organometallic compound QMX for the reactions expressed above is produced indirectly from another organometallic compound which is a compound of Q and another metal, M, by reaction with a salt of M. Said other metals are certain metals of Groups IIB and IV-A of the periodic chart. This other organometallic compound of Q and M is a compound with a carbon-metal linkage and this organometallic compound may be in the form Q M, Q M, Q M, QMX, QMX QMX Q MX or Q MX, for example, QHgX, Q Hg, QSnX Q SnX Q SnX, Q Sn and Q Pb, depending on the metal M and its valence. Using QMX for an example, this reaction is expressed as follows: Ql\IX+l\ I'X QNI'X+MX This equation expresses the reaction when both M and M have a valence of two, and corresponding equations may be written where M and M have different valences.

The organometallic compounds include those which have more than one carbon to metal linkage as in the case where the organo group is a metallo organo group. More specifically, if QMX represents an organometallic compound of this invention, where Q is the orgauo group, M is a Group VIII metal and X is an anion, the Q group may be a QMX group. Thus, a bis-organometallic compound of this invention includes those represented by the formula Q(MX) where y is the number of such groups attached to Q. The number of M'X groups per molecule will most commonly be one, occasionally two, and may be three or more, depending on the number of groups which can be attached to a single Q group. For convenience in discussion, the organometallic compounds will be referred to by the convenient formula QMX, although it is understood that the actual valences will determine the formula in each specific case.

Organometallic compounds of Q and a metal other than a Group VIII metal are well known in the art. In

the case of the Group II-B organometallic compounds, represented by the formula QMX, these are well known for Zn, Cd and Hg. However, the organometallic compounds of Zn are highly reactive with water and with many organic functional groups which preclude their use, and, although the organometailic compounds of Cd have mild reactivity, they must be used in non-aqueous medium and are of limited value. The organometallic compounds of mercury, on the other hand, do not react with water and for this reason are the most useful organometallic compounds of the Group II-B metals for use in this invention.

Organometallic compounds of the Group IVA metals are those of Ge, Sn and Pb. These are generally prepared from organometallic compounds of Group I-A or Group II-A metals and the Q groups are limited only by the limitations of reactivity of the organometallic compound with functional groups that may be present in the Q group. Some of these organometallic compounds are water sensitive and are limited in utility from that standpoint. The tin and lead organometallic compounds are of greatest utility of this group. The tin organometallic compounds can be in the lower or higher valence states. They are formed from organometallic compounds of Groups I-A or II-A and the tin chloride. It is convenient in some cases to produce the tin organometallics from the mercury organornetallic, e.g., by reaction of the tin chloride, to form the stannic organometallic compound. Methyl and phenyl tin compounds and substituted phenyl tin compounds are quite suitable for this invention. The lead compounds are prepared similarly to the tin compounds and the organolead compounds are also readily prepared by other methods. They are less reactive with water and have advantages in this respect for use in this invention.

The organomercury compounds are the most generally useful of the various organometallic compounds discussed above because of their ease of preparation, even in aqueous solution, and because of the variety of organic Q groups which may be introduced thereby.

The various methods of preparation and the properties of organometallic compounds which are useful in this invention are discussed in great detail in Organometallic Compounds, by G. E. Coates, second edition, 1960, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

In carrying out process (a), the organometallic compound of the Group VIII metal is produced by the reaction of a Group VIII metal salt with one of the organometallic compounds of mercury, tin or lead, and the organic Q group is transferred to the Group VIII metal. The organometallic compound of the Group VIII metal sometimes has a short life period at ordinary temperature and in such a case should be used promptly or be maintained at reduced temperatures well below room temperature of 24 C., and preferably at a temperature in the range of -20 to C., until used. The usual procedure is to use the organometallic compound promptl without purification, and it can even, in most instances, be produced in situ in the presence of the olefinic compound with which it is to react.

In the in situ process, wherein the organometallic compound of mercury, tin or lead is normally reactive with functional groups in the olefin in the absence of the Group VIII metal salt, the greater reactivity with the Group VIII metal salt to form the organometallic compound of the Group VIII metal prevents, or at least greatly decreases, those undesired reactions which would take place in their absence. In this in situ process, the Group VIII metal salt is referred to hereinafter as a promoter and the Group VIII metal the promoter metal, which will be designated M.

In a preferred process of this invention, the ethylenic compound A is contacted with the organometallic compound QMX where M is the metal of Group II-B (mercury) or IV-A (tin or lead) in the presence of a Group VIII metal salt. Disregarding any mechanism of the reaction, the overall reaction may be represented by the following diagram:

in which C is produced by contacting an ethylenically unsaturated organic compound A with an organometallic compound of the formula Q MX and a promoter, MX at a temperature in the range of about C. to about 150 C. The process of this invention is exemplified by the above reaction in which:

Z is R R H or OH; G is the same as Z when Z is R or OH, and G is H when Z is R or H; R is R R or R with the proviso that when any R is H, Z must be R or OH;

R is R or R (C H Ar, Ar(OH)CHO, and Ar Ar-, where Ar is a benzenoid ring radical such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl and fluorenyl, and y is a whole number from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3 M is Hg, Sn, or Pb;

m and n are digits whose sum totals the valence of the metal M and n, but not m, may be zero; and

X is an anion such as Cl-, Br", 1*, F No;,*, CH CO 01' CH3CGH4SQ3 said promoter being an anhydrous salt or complex of a salt of a Group VIII metal of the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Ni and Fe, and an anion X.

In the process of this invention, when Z is OH, a normal addition reaction takes place to form the adduct B in which Z is OH, and the adduct B undergoes the elimination reaction (b) to produce the normal product C" in which Z is OH. However, this is the less stable tautomer,

and the more stable product D is .formed from it, so that D is the product actually isolated. The change in structure is indicated below:

In other words, the isolated product D is either an aldehyde, when R is hydrogen, or a ketone, when R is as otherwise herein defined, for example, alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, butyl and decyl. Thus, production of compound D is included within the scope of this disclosure and claims, even though they may primarily be directed to the tautomer C".

The present invention differs essentially from the invention of application Ser. No. 479,665, new 'U.S. 3,527,794, in that the presence of the CHZ group on one of the ethylenic carbon atoms provides a different type of elimination step from that provided by those ethylenic compounds which do not possess a group in the molecules. The Z group is the group eliminated preferentially where Z is halogen or esterified or etherified OH. When Z is OH, the hydrogen on the carbon to which the OH is attached is eliminated. When Z is H, the H is eliminated as a hydride of one of the metals.

When Z is H, the elimination step of the present invention will take place only if other possible elimination reactions do not ofier greater competition. For example, a hydrogen on one of the ethylenic carbon atoms offers so much greater competition in the elimination reaction that one of those hydrogens would be eliminated in preference to a hydrogen in the CH R' group. However, when there is no hydrogen on an ethylenic carbon and Z is hydrogen, the Z hydrogen will be eliminated in accordance with the present invention. Thus, in the present invention when Z is hydrogen, no R group in the general formula is to be hydrogen. Moreover, if any R group is a competitive group to the CH R group, the reaction with the CH R' group will be negligible. The R group is competitive when it is a hydrogen or a group which is more active than the CH R' group. The present invention includes those cases where a more competitive OHZ group is present, but is limited to the case in which none of the R groups is hydrogen when Z is hydrogen. Cases of the latter type are disclosed in application Ser. No. 479,665, now U.S. 3,527,794.

When Z is OH, the elimination step involves the elimination of hydrogen along with the metal in the form of a metal hydride. This elimination competes successfully with other hydrogen elimination reactions, so that any of the R groups may be hydrogen without changing the course of the reaction. If any of the R groups is a group, where Z is an acid anion, both types of elimination will occur. In the simple cases where there is only one CHZ 1 1! group and Z is OH, the aldehyde or ketone product can be obtained in fair yields by the process of this invention.

When Z is an acid anion such as halogen, the reaction of the present invention is favored over any of the alternative modes of addition and elimination, and any R may be hydrogen, -CH OH, or CH In the process of this invention QMX appears to add to the ethylenic bond in such a way as is favorable to the elimination reaction of the present invention; thus, MX appears to add to the ethylenic carbon to which the -CHZ group is attached. Moreover, where there are two groups in the molecule, as in the case of CH CH:CHCH OH,

the M'X favors addition to the carbon holding the CH OH group rather than the carbon holding the CH H group. When Z is halogen, OCOR, or OR in the case of one -CHZ group in the ethylenic compound and OH in the case of a second group, both types of elimination will take place, resulting in a mixture of products.

The above theories of reaction are intended to aid in discussion of the possibilities of the process and not to exclude the possibility of other mechanisms and other intermediates. Nor is it intended that all compounds falling in the scope of the broad formula should react the same, since the relative reactivities will be greatly affected by the type of R group, as well as the type of Z group, in the molecule.

Moreover, the mechanism set forth is not intended to give an indication of the order of combining the essential components of the reaction; for, QMX may be contacted with M'X first and the resultant complex combined with the olefin, or the QMX may be contacted with the olefin and the resultant mixture contacted with the MX or all three components may be contacted together simultaneously. Moreover, QMX may be formed in situ, where possible and convenient, either in the presence of both the olefin and M Xg, or first in the presence of either one or the other of the olefin and MXg, then followed by addition of the other of the two.

For convenience, M will be referred to herein as the organometallic metal and M as the promoter metal.

The process of this reaction is carried out at a temperature in the range of C. to about 200 C., preferably in the range of about 0 to 0 C., and most preferably in the range of 10 C. to about 150 C., and the reaction may be carried out stepwise using one temperature for what might be considered one of the theoretical steps and using a different temperature for What might be considered a subsequent step.

A solvent ordinarily is used in the process of this invention and should be inert in the sense that it will not react with any of the organometallic compounds involved in the process. The preferred solvents are highly polar organic compounds, namely, the saturated monohydric alcohols containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol and the various butyl and amyl alcohols; the saturated dihydric alcohols containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as ethylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, propandiol-l,2, 2-methyl-propandiol-1,2 and tetramethylene glycol; nitriles containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms apart from the carbon atom in the nitrile group, such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, valeronitrile, capronitrile and benzonitrile; the saturated monocarboxylic acids containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms, such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid; the saturated ketones containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone and diethyl ketone; the saturated esters containing 3 to 4 carbon atoms, such as methyl acetate and ethyl acetate; the saturated dialkyl amides containing 3 to 4 carbon atoms, such as dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide; dimethylsulfoxide; and tetramethylurea.

These solvents need not be anhydrous and, as a matter of fact, may be utilized in admixture with water. When so used, it also is possible to have present other water-soluble organic compounds, such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, which will not react with the organometallic compounds present during the process of this invention. The preferred solvents are methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate and acetic acid. Since the organometallic compounds of this invention are not reactive with water or any of the aforementioned solvents, the process of this invention is markedly advantageous over processes based on Grignard reactions using organomagnesium compounds and solvents such as diethyl ether. Not only is it possible in the process of this invention to obviate the cost of providing and maintaining an anhydrous reaction system, it also is possible to utilize solvents which are much less hazardous than the diethyl ether normally used in Grignard reactions.

In the process of this invention a molar amount of Q MX is required, but a molar amount of the M salt is not required although some is used up in side reactions. This can be regenerated for reuse. There are many well-known methods for doing this chemically with or without electrical energy. In the presence of acid, for example, [MXH] can be converted to MX at the anode. In the presence of a redox system, [MXH] can similarly be converted to M'X If MXH breaks down into M'+MX it can likewise, by either of these methods, be converted to M'X From M'X -I-MX in admixture, a mixture of QMX and MX can be produced with varying degrees of ease, the ease of so doing being greatest when M is mercury. In many cases, QH can be reacted directly with M'X -MX so as to obtain QMX, which is effective for reaction with the ethylenic compounds. Moreover, this formation of QMX may be effected in situ, as will be shown hereinafter in the examples.

Since Q MX and the M salt can both be regenerated from the end products of an in situ reaction, less than the molar amount of either may be present at the time of reaction. From the economic standpoint, this is advantageous. It is particularly desirable to be able to regenerate M' salt Whether in situ or by separation of the M end product of the reaction, regeneration outside or within the system and reuse of MX salt or a complex thereof. As indicated above, both QMX and M'X can be regenerated together in certain instances, and thus, much less than molar amounts of both reagents may be utilized in the system where regeneration is practiced.

The following examples illustrate the use of this invention for the production of a variety of valuable organic compounds and are not to be considered as limiting the scope of the process.

EXAMPLE 1 A mixture of 1.6 grams of cupric chloride and 3.1 grams of phenylrnercuric chloride in '8 ml. of methanol was stirred with 0.85 gram of allyl alcohol and 1.0 ml. of 0.1 molar Li PdCl in methanol at 24 C. for 16 hours. Gas chromatographic analysis of the reaction mixture indicated a yield of 25% of theory of fi-phenyl propionaldehyde, which is the stable tautomer of 1-hydroxy-3 phenyl-l-propene resulting from isomerization of the latter. The aldehyde was further identified by the formation and isolation of 0.34 gram of the 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazone of fi-phenyl propionaldehyde, M.P. 151151.5 C., which analyzed 57.69% C, 4.47% H and 17.43% N.

EXAMPLE 2 A mixture of 3.7 grams of p-acetoxymercurianisole, 1.6 grams of cupric chloride, 0.85 gram of allyl alcohol, 8 ml. of methanol and 1.0 ml. of 0.1 molar Li PdCl in methanol was stirred for 72 hours at 24 C. The 1- hydroxy-3-p-anisyl-1-propene formed by the reaction isomerized to p-anisylpropionaldehyde, which was readily characterized by preparation of the corresponding 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazone, M.P. 140.4141.2 C., which analyzed 55.22% C and 4.82% H.

EXAMPLE 3 A mixture of 0.35 gram of diphenylmercury, 0.93 gram of allyl acetate and 10 ml. of 0.1 molar LiPdCl in acetonitrile solution was stirred at 24 C. for 16 hours. Gas chromatography of the resulting reaction mixture showed it to be 0.03 molar in allylbenzene and 0.017 molar in trans-propenylbenzene, with a trace of cis-propenylbenzene along with some cinnamyl acetate. The propenylbenzenes are explained as resulting from isomerization of the initially formed allylbenzene.

EXAMPLE 4 A mixture of 0.31 gram of phenylmercuric chloride, 0.8 gram of diallyl ether and 10 ml. of 0.1 molar Li PdCl in methanol was stirred 16 hours at 24 C. Analysis by gas chromatography showed that the resulting reaction mixture was 0.017 molar in allyl benzene. This is a yield of 18.7% of theory.

EXAMPLE 5 A mixture of 0.31 gram of phenylmercuric chloride, 0.8 gram of allyl ethyl ether, and ml. of 0.1 molar Li PdCl in methanol Was stirred 16 hours at 24 C. The resulting reaction mixture was shown by gas chromatography to be 0.018 molar in allyl benzene. This corresponds to 20% of theoretical yield.

EXAMPLE 6 A mixture of 0.35 gram of p-chloromercurianisole, 0.94 gram of allyl chloride and 10 ml. of 0.1 molar Li PdCl in methanol was stirred 16 hours at 24 C. The resulting reaction mixture was shown by gas chromatography to contain estragole in an amount corresponding to a yield of 40% of theoretical.

EXAMPLE 7 When 0.31 gram of phenylmercuric chloride was substituted for 0.35 gram of p-chloromercurianisole in Example 6, allyl benzene was obtained in a yield of 56% of theory.

EXAMPLE 8 When methallyl chloride was substituted for the allyl chloride in Example 7, methallyl benzene was obtained in a yield of 40% of theory.

10 EXAMPLE 9 A mixture of 4 grams of mercuric acetate and 9.9 grams of anisole was stirred at 100 C. for 1 hour and cooled to 24 C. Then 0.01 gram of palladium acetate and 1 gram of allyl chloride were added, and the mixture was stirred at 24 C. for 16 hours. By gas chromatography, the resulting reaction mixture was shown to be 0.283 molar in estragole. This corresponds to 52% of theoretical yield.

EXAMPLE 10 A mixture of 2.7 grams of mercuric trifluoroacetate, 0.002 gram of palladium acetate, 5 grams of anisole, and 0.49 gram of allyl chloride was stirred for 16 hours at 24 C. The resulting reaction mixture was shown by gas chromatography to be 0.242 molar in estragole. This corresponds to a yield of 53% of theory.

EXAMPLE 11 A mixture of 2 millimoles of phenylmercuric chloride, 1.4 grams of tetramethylethylene, and 20 ml. of 0.1 molar LiPdCl in acetonitrile was stirred for '16 hours at 24 C. Analysis by gas chromatography showed that the resulting reaction mixture contained about a 50% yield of phenylhexenes, of which about one-half was 2,3-dimethy1- 3-phenylbutene-1.

EXAMPLE 12 A mixture of 50 millimoles of phenylmercuric chloride, 0.85 gram of allyl alcohol, 5 ml. of 0.1 molar Li -PdCl in acetic acid, 50 millimoles each of LiCl and CuCl in 35 ml. of acetic acid and 5 grams of water was stirred in contact with air at 24 C. for 2. hours. The yield of 3-phenylpropionaldehyde was 18% of theory.

EXAMPLE 13 A mixture of 10 millimoles of 4-chloromercuribenzoic acid, 100 ml. of 0.1 molar Li PdCl and 0.94 gram of allyl chloride was stirred for 24 hours at 24 C. The yield of 4-propenylbenzoic acid was 16% of theory.

EXAMPLE 14 A mixture of 0.10 mole of phenylmercuric chloride, 0.10 mole of cupric chloride, 20 ml. of dicyclohexylethylamine, 80 ml. of acetonitrile, 10 ml. of crotyl alcohol, and 100 ml. of 0.1 M LiPdCl in acetonitrile was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Initial cooling with ice water was necessary to keep the temperature from going above 25 C. The reaction products were isolated by dilution with water and pentane extraction. Distillation of the extract gave 2.8 g. of colorless liquid product, B.P. 68-72 C. (3 mm.). Gas chromatographic analyses showed the material to be a mixture of two products in the ratio of about 3:1. Both gave positive tests with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in alcoholic sulfuric acid solution. The major product was isolated by preparative scale gas chromatography. The n.m.r. spectrum confirmed that the major product was 3-phenylbutyral- EXAMPLE 15 A reaction mixture containing 0.20 mole of 4-chloromercuri 1,2 dimethylbenzene, 0.20 mole of cupric chloride, 225 m1. of acetonitrile, 16.5 ml. of allyl alco hol, and 160 ml. of 0.1 M LiPdCl in acetonitrile was stirred overnight at room temperature. The temperature rose to 40 C. initially before it could be cooled with ice water back to 25 C. The reaction was apparently complete in two hours because the gas chromatogram of the reaction mixture did not change after that. Isolation of the product as in Example 14 gave 8.6 g. of colorless liquid, B.P. 120 C. (3 mm.) which was about 50% 3 (3,4 dimethylphenyl)propionaldehyde. One of the several impurities in the product was probably 3-(2,3-di- 11 methylphenyl)propionaldehyde judging from the n.m.r. spectrum of the crude product. This product no doubt arose from a minor amount of 3-chloromercuri-l,2-dimethylbenzene in the starting mercurial. A pure sample of the 3,4 dimethyl isomer was isolated by preparative scale gas chromatography N 1.5225. The product analyzed 80.99% C and 8.53% H.

EXAMPLE 16 A reaction mixture of 0.10 mole of 4-chloromercuri- 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 0.10 mole of cupric chloride, 20 ml. of dicyclohexylethylamine, ml. of allyl alcohol and 100 ml. of 0.1 M LiPdCl in acetonitrile was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Initial cooling was necessary to keep the temperature from rising above 25 C. The product was isolated as in Example 14. Distillation of the product under reduced pressure gave 3.0 g. of colorless liquid, B.P. 133l35 C. (4 mm.). This material was about 70% 3 (3,4 dichlorophenyl)propionaldehyde by gas chromatographic analyses. A pure sample was isolated by preparative scale gas chromatography. This sample analyzed 52.86% C and 4.24% H.

EXAMPLE 17 A mixture of 0.10 mole of p-chloromercurianisole, 0.10 mole of cupric chloride, ml. of dicyclohexylethylamine, 70 ml. of acetonitrile, 10 ml. of allyl alcohol, and 100 ml. of 0.1 M LiPdCl in acetonitrile was stirred at room temperature for three hours, with initial cooling to keep the temperature from rising above C. Isolation of the product as in Example 14 gave 214 g. of brown liquid, B.P. 106120 C. (3 mm.) which was 65% pure 3 p anisylpropionaldehyde by gas chromatography. A sample was purified by preparative scale gas chromatography, N 1.5331. There were infrared bands from the product in carbon tetrachloride solution at 2800, 2700, and 1730 cmf The product analyzed 72.47% C and 7.26% H.

EXAMPLE 18 A reaction mixture containing 90 mmoles of 3-chloromercuribenzaldehyde, 0.10 mole of cupric chloride, 20 ml. of dicyclohexylethylamine, 80 ml. of acetonitrile, 10 ml. of methallyl alcohol, and 100 ml. of 0.1 M LiPdCl in acetonitrile was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Initial cooling was necessary to keep the tempera- (ore from rising above 25 C. Isolation of the product, as in Example 14, gave 0.70 g. of green liquid product, B.P. 90130 C. (2 mm.) which was only about 50% pure 3 (3 formyl henyl) 2 methylpropionaldehyde by gas chromatographic analyses. A sample was purified further by preparative scale gas chromatography. The product had N 1.5383 and strong infrared hands in carbon tetrachloride solution at 2810, 2720, 1730 and 1710 cmf The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of this product analyzed 51.00% C and 3.81% H.

EXAMPLE 1 9 A reaction mixture of 0.10 mole phenylmercuric chloride, 0.10 mole of cupric chloride, 10 ml. of 1-buten-3-ol, 150 ml. of acetonitrile, and 50 ml. of 0.1 M LiPdCl in acetonitrile was stirred at room temperature with slight cooling to keep the temperature \below 25 C. and above 20" C. for minutes. The black solution was now 0.22 M in 1 phenyl 3 butanone. Isolation of the product as in Example 14 gave 2.9 g. of colorless liquid, B.P. 97- 120 C. (5 /2 mm.) which was 95% l-phenyl-3-butanone by gas chromatographic analyses. A lower boiling fraction, 3.4 g., B.P. 5698 C. (6 mm.) was mainly crotylbenzene. A pure sample of l-phenyl 3 butanone was isolated by preparative scale gas chromatography. The product analyzed 80.87% C and 7.91% H.

12 EXAMPLE 20 A reaction mixture of 0.10 mole of phenylmercuric chloride, 0.10 mole of comic chloride, 100 ml. of aceto nitrile, 20 ml. of dicyclohexylethylamine, 10 ml. of 1- penten-3-ol, and 100 ml. of 0.1 M LiPdCl in acetonitrile was stirred at room temperature for three hours with initial ice cooling to keep the temperature from rising above 25 C. The solution was now 0.25 M in 1phenyl- 3-pentanone. Isolation of the product as in Example 14 gave 2.4 g. of colorless product, B.P. 95120 C. (3 mm.). The distillate was about 1-phenyl-3-pentanone as determined by gas chromatographic analyses. A pure sample was isolated by preparative scale gas chromatography. The compound analyzed 81.40% C and 8.8% H.

EXAMPLE 21 A reaction was carried out as in Example 20 with 3- carbomethoxyphenylmercuric chloride used in place of phenylmercuric chloride. There was obtained as product, 2.43 g. of an orange liquid, B.P. 142l50 C. (2 mm.) which was about 60% 1-(3-carbomethoxyphenyl)-3-pentanone. A pure sample was separated by preparative scale gas chromatography. The compound analyzed 70.93% C and 7.08% H.

EXAMPLE 22 A mixture of 10 mmoles of 5-chloromercuri-3-nitro- 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 10 mmoles of cupric chloride, 10 mmoles of lithium chloride, 12 ml. of 1.0 M 1-penten-3-ol and 10 ml. of 0.1 M LiPdCl in acetonitrile was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated at room temperature under reduced pressure, and the product was extracted from the residue with boiling hexane. After concentrating and cooling, the hexane solution gave a sticky solid. Three further recrystallizations from aqueous methanol gave nearly colorless needles of l-(3,4-dichloro-S-nitrophenyl-3-pentanone), M.P. 56.056.5 C., which analyzed 47.63% C, 4.19% H and 5.34% N. The compound forms a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of M.P. 158-159" C. which analyzed 45.15% C, 3.38% H and 15.60% N.

EXAMPLE 23 A reaction mixture containing 0.10 mole of phenylmercuric chloride, 0.10 mole of cupric chloride, 20 ml. of dicyclohexylethylamine, 10 m1. of 3-penten-2-ol, and 100 ml. of 0.1 M LiPdClg in acetonitrile was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Initial cooling was necessary to keep the reaction mixture from warming up above 25 C. Isolation of the product as in Example 14 gave 2.9 g. of colorless liquid, B.P. -100 C. (2 /2 mm.), which was about 70% 2-phenyl-4pentanone by gas chromatographic analyses. A pure sample was isolated by preparative scale gas chromatography, N 1.5073. The compound analyzed 81.58% C. and 8.37% H.

EXAMPLE 24 A mixture of 0.10 mole of phenylmercuric chloride, 0.10 mole of cupric chloride, 20 ml. of dicyclohexylethylamine. 10 ml. of cyclohexenal and 100 ml. of 0.1 M LiPdCl in acetonitrile was stirred at room temperature overnight. The temperature of the reaction mixture rose initially to 37 C. before it could be cooled to 25 C. with an ice bath. The reaction mixture was found to be 0.35 M in 3-phenylcyclohexanone by gas chromatography. Isolation of the product as in Example 14 gave 5.34 g. of pale yellow liquid, B.P. 100-150 C. (3 mm.), which contained about 80% of 3-phenylcyclohexanone. Redistillation gave 2.6 g. of pure material, B.P. 124-130 C. (3 mm.). A sample was further purified by preparative scale gas chromatography. The product had a carbonyl absorption in carbon tetrachloride solution at 1720 emf. The compound analyzed 82.51% C. and 8.68% H, and it gave an orange 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, M.P.

13 170.0170.5 C. which analyzed 60.99% C, 5.12% H and 15.81% N.

The process of this invention will thus be seen to be capable of operation with varying amounts of organometallic compound and promoter and to be operable with varying ratios of organometallic compound to promoter where regeneration is practiced. It is intended that the process covered by the appended claims shall include the situation where Q MX is generated in situ as well as the situation where the promoter salt is regenerated and that the terms used shall be considered broadly in this respect without limitation as to the true mechanism of the reaction involved.

The organylation process of this invention is one of introduction of an organyl group into an ethylenic compound and is applicable to the introduction of an organyl group which will form an organometallic compound of a Group VIII metal, even though the organometallic compound has only a short life. The organyl groups which may be introduced include organyl groups of a wide variety, including aryl, alkaryl and thienyl groups.

What I claim and desire to protect by Letters Patent 1s:

1. The method of producing a compound of the formula which comprises contacting, at a temperature in the range of to about 200 C., an allyl alcohol of the formula with a Q-substituted mercury compound selected from the group consisting of Q Hg and QHgX and a palladium salt in the presence of a highly polar organic compound as solvent, in which formulas Q is thienyl, aryl or aryl substituted with at least one member of the group con sisting of CH C(O)O-, CH O-, Cl, Br-, F, I, z 3)2 z 5)2 s 7)2 -OH, COOH, CHO, CH C H C H- C H C H and C H R is hydrogen or lower alkyl, R is hydrogen, an alkyl radical containing 1 to carbon atoms or, taken with one R on the carbon beta to the carbon to which R' is attached, is trimethylene, and the anion of said palladium salt and the anion X of QHgX both are selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, cyanide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, acetate, benzoate, trifiuoroacetate and toluenesulfonate.

2. The method of claim 1 in which the allyl alcohol is contacted with the Q-substituted mercury compound and the palladium salt at a temperature in the range of about 0 to C. and a Q-substituted aldehyde or ketone is produced.

3. The method of claim 2 in which allyl alcohol is contacted with phenylmercuric chloride and palladium chloride and betaphenylpropionaldehyde is produced.

4. The method of claim 2 in which allyl alcohol is contacted with p-methoxyphenylmercuric chloride and palladium chloride and beta-pmethoxyphenylpropionaldehyde is produced.

5. The method of claim 2 in which crotyl alcohol is contacted with phenylmercuric chloride and palladium chloride and beta-phenylbutyraldehyde is produced.

6. The method of claim 2 in which 1-buten-3-ol is contacted with phenylmercuric chloride and palladium chloride and 1-pheny1-3-butanone is produced.

7. The method of claim 2 in which 1- pentene-B-ol is contacted with phenylmercuric chloride and palladium chloride and 1-phenyl-3-pentanone is produced.

8. The method of claim 2 in which cyclohexen-3-ol is contacted with phenylmercuric chloride and palladium chloride and 3-phenylcyclohexanone is produced.

9. The method of claim 1 in which the polar organic compound is acetonitrile.

10. The method of claim 1 in which the polar organic compound is methanol.

11. The method of claim 1 in which the polar organic compound is acetic acid.

12. The method of claim 11 in which water is in admixture with the acetic acid.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,527,794 9/1970 Heck 260599 X 3,557,146 1/1971 Heck 260599 X OTHER REFERENCES Kharasch et al., Grignard Reactions of Nonmetallic Substances (1954), 570, 571, 1015, 1159, 1161.

Chuit et al., Chemical Communications (1968), 1604- 1605.

BERNARD HELFIN, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R.

260599, 600, 612 D, 491, 577, 562 R, 515 R, 332.3 R, 465 R, 515 R, 469, 558 R, 566 R, 566 P, 671 A 

